Bile Acid Diarrhea and Malabsorption

Symptoms, Causes, and Treatments

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Bile acid diarrhea (BAD) is a condition in which bile acids aren't properly processed by the digestive system. This can cause chronic, watery diarrhea.

Bile acid is a component of bile, which is a yellow-green fluid that aids in digestion.  

BAD is also known as bile acid malabsorption (BAM). Malabsorption is an inability of the body to properly absorb certain substances. Some research suggests BAD may not always be due to malabsorption, though.

Some researchers feel anyone with chronic diarrhea of unknown cause should be evaluated for BAD. This includes people with symptoms of diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome (IBS-D) or functional diarrhea, which is recurrent diarrhea with no known cause.

This article will discuss bile acid diarrhea, its symptoms, and its causes. It will also discuss diagnosis and treatment of the condition.

Symptoms of Bile Acid Diarrhea
Verywell / Nusha Ashjaee

Symptoms of Bile Acid Diarrhea

The primary symptom of BAD is chronic bouts of diarrhea. People with BAD may also have some or all of following symptoms:

Over time, chronic diarrhea can lead to other symptoms including:

  • Dehydration
  • Fatigue
  • Dizziness
  • Changes in weight
  • Anal irritation and inflammation

What Is Considered Chronic Diarrhea?

Chronic diarrhea is defined as having three or more loose bowel movements a day for at least four weeks. The consistency can range from types 5 (soft blobs) and 7 (fully liquid) on the Bristol Stool Chart.

Causes of Bile Acid Diarrhea

Bile acids are produced by your liver and stored in your gallbladder. When you eat foods containing fat, these acids are released into the small intestine. There, they break down fats so your body can absorb them.

Afterward, bile acids are reabsorbed and sent back to the liver for reuse. Typically, very little bile acid ends up in the large intestine.

In people with BAD, large amounts of bile acid get flushed into the large intestine. This causes an increase in fluid in the intestine. The movement of fluid through the intestines speeds up and the result is watery stools.

Researchers once thought BAD was a problem with malabsorption. Evidence suggests, however, that it might be an overproduction of bile acids. This may be due to a problem with the feedback loop that should slow the production of bile acids.

The following health problems may contribute to the development of BAD:

Certain treatments can also lead to BAD, including:

Diagnosis of Bile Acid Diarrhea

This condition has four different types. The type depends on the cause:

  • Type 1: Results from ileal disease or removal of part of the bowel
  • Type 2: Idiopathic or primary, where the cause is unknown
  • Type 3: Results from other types of gastrointestinal disease
  • Type 4: Results from excessive production of bile acid

Testing

BAD can be diagnosed using several types of testing:

75-Selenium Homotaurocholic Acid Test

Outside the United States, BAD is often diagnosed with a test called a 75-selenium homotaurocholic acid test (SeHCAT). During this test, the patient swallows a capsule containing SeHCAT. SeHCAT is a mildly radioactive synthetic bile acid that shows up on a full-body scan.

Patients undergoing this test receive one scan a few hours after taking the SeHCAT. A second scan is performed a week later.

The test looks at how well the small intestine retains bile acids. If the retention rate is lower than 15%, it indicates BAM.

Unfortunately, this test is not available in the United States. Lack of access to the SeHCAT test may contribute to the underdiagnosis of BAD.

Fecal Bile Test

In the United States, stool testing is the most direct way to diagnose BAD. This requires a ​48-hour stool collection to measure bile acids within the colon.

Some healthcare providers use a trial of a medication to treat BAD. If the medication improves symptoms, BAD is diagnosed.

Serum 7αC4 Test

This blood test measures levels of an enzyme called 7 alpha-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one (7αC4), which correlates with the amount of bile acid your liver is making. Elevated levels of 7αC4 can indicate BAM or BAD.

IBS-D or Functional Diarrhea

Researchers believe many people with IBS-D or functional diarrhea actually have BAD. Studies suggest BAD may be behind approximately one-third to one-half of cases of IBS-D or chronic diarrhea.

Treatment of Bile Acid Diarrhea

If your BAD is the result of an identifiable disease, your healthcare provider will treat the disease itself. If no underlying cause can be identified, BAD is usually treated with medications called bile acid sequestrants or binders.

Bile acid sequestrants are FDA-approved to treat high blood cholesterol. They are prescribed off-label to treat BAM.

These medications bind to bile acids and reduce their effects on the large intestine. This class of drugs includes:

These medications are usually effective in treating the symptoms of BAD. Unfortunately, they are not well-tolerated by many patients. Side effects can include constipation and other digestive symptoms.

Because of this, patients may choose to discontinue treatment, especially if they have not received a diagnosis. If you are prescribed one of these medications, be sure to work with your healthcare provider to find the right dose.

Drugs in this class may affect the absorption of other medications. For that reason, you should take them four to six hours before or after any other medications.

Is There a Natural Remedy for Bile Acid Diarrhea?

A low-fat diet may help improve symptoms associated with bile acid diarrhea, such as bowel urgency, bloating, abdominal pain, and bowel frequency. However, treatment with medication is the most effective way to manage bile acid diarrhea.

Summary

Bile acid diarrhea is a condition that causes chronic diarrhea. It is caused by excess bile acid in the large intestine. BAD may be the actual cause of many cases of chronic diarrhea and IBS-D.

Outside the United States, BAM is diagnosed with a SeHCAT scan. In the United States, healthcare professionals rely on stool tests and medication trials to diagnose the condition. BAM can be treated with medication. 

More research is needed, but it's starting to look like BAD may be more common than previously thought. If you have been diagnosed with IBS-D or have undiagnosed chronic diarrhea, talk to your healthcare provider. You may want to find out if this underdiagnosed condition is at the root of your symptoms.

11 Sources
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read our editorial process to learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.
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Additional Reading

By Barbara Bolen, PhD
Barbara Bolen, PhD, is a licensed clinical psychologist and health coach. She has written multiple books focused on living with irritable bowel syndrome.