Digestive Health Irritable Bowel Syndrome Related Conditions Bile Acid Diarrhea and Malabsorption Symptoms, Causes, and Treatments By Barbara Bolen, PhD Updated on May 08, 2023 Medically reviewed by Robert Burakoff, MD Print Table of Contents View All Table of Contents Symptoms Causes Diagnosis Treatment Bile acid diarrhea (BAD) is a condition in which bile acids aren't properly processed by the digestive system. This can cause chronic, watery diarrhea. Bile acid is a component of bile, which is a yellow-green fluid that aids in digestion. BAD is also known as bile acid malabsorption (BAM). Malabsorption is an inability of the body to properly absorb certain substances. Some research suggests BAD may not always be due to malabsorption, though. Some researchers feel anyone with chronic diarrhea of unknown cause should be evaluated for BAD. This includes people with symptoms of diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome (IBS-D) or functional diarrhea, which is recurrent diarrhea with no known cause. This article will discuss bile acid diarrhea, its symptoms, and its causes. It will also discuss diagnosis and treatment of the condition. Verywell / Nusha Ashjaee Symptoms of Bile Acid Diarrhea The primary symptom of BAD is chronic bouts of diarrhea. People with BAD may also have some or all of following symptoms: Watery diarrhea Diarrhea that comes on suddenly Diarrhea in the middle of the night Soiling accidents Excessive gas Bloating Abdominal pain Over time, chronic diarrhea can lead to other symptoms including: DehydrationFatigueDizzinessChanges in weightAnal irritation and inflammation What Is Considered Chronic Diarrhea? Chronic diarrhea is defined as having three or more loose bowel movements a day for at least four weeks. The consistency can range from types 5 (soft blobs) and 7 (fully liquid) on the Bristol Stool Chart. Causes of Bile Acid Diarrhea Bile acids are produced by your liver and stored in your gallbladder. When you eat foods containing fat, these acids are released into the small intestine. There, they break down fats so your body can absorb them. Afterward, bile acids are reabsorbed and sent back to the liver for reuse. Typically, very little bile acid ends up in the large intestine. In people with BAD, large amounts of bile acid get flushed into the large intestine. This causes an increase in fluid in the intestine. The movement of fluid through the intestines speeds up and the result is watery stools. Researchers once thought BAD was a problem with malabsorption. Evidence suggests, however, that it might be an overproduction of bile acids. This may be due to a problem with the feedback loop that should slow the production of bile acids. The following health problems may contribute to the development of BAD: Ileal disease, a condition of the small intestine Short bowel syndrome, when a significant part of the small intestine has been removed Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) Pancreatic insufficiency, when the pancreas doesn't produce enough digestive enzymes Microscopic colitis, a condition that causes watery diarrhea Bacterial infection Certain treatments can also lead to BAD, including: Ileal surgery, often done as a treatment for Crohn's disease Gallbladder removal, or cholecystectomy Radiation for cancer Chemotherapy Metformin Diagnosis of Bile Acid Diarrhea This condition has four different types. The type depends on the cause: Type 1: Results from ileal disease or removal of part of the bowelType 2: Idiopathic or primary, where the cause is unknownType 3: Results from other types of gastrointestinal diseaseType 4: Results from excessive production of bile acid Idiopathic (Primary) Bile Acid Malabsorption and IBS Diarrhea Testing BAD can be diagnosed using several types of testing: 75-Selenium Homotaurocholic Acid Test Outside the United States, BAD is often diagnosed with a test called a 75-selenium homotaurocholic acid test (SeHCAT). During this test, the patient swallows a capsule containing SeHCAT. SeHCAT is a mildly radioactive synthetic bile acid that shows up on a full-body scan. Patients undergoing this test receive one scan a few hours after taking the SeHCAT. A second scan is performed a week later. The test looks at how well the small intestine retains bile acids. If the retention rate is lower than 15%, it indicates BAM. Unfortunately, this test is not available in the United States. Lack of access to the SeHCAT test may contribute to the underdiagnosis of BAD. Fecal Bile Test In the United States, stool testing is the most direct way to diagnose BAD. This requires a 48-hour stool collection to measure bile acids within the colon. Some healthcare providers use a trial of a medication to treat BAD. If the medication improves symptoms, BAD is diagnosed. Serum 7αC4 Test This blood test measures levels of an enzyme called 7 alpha-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one (7αC4), which correlates with the amount of bile acid your liver is making. Elevated levels of 7αC4 can indicate BAM or BAD. IBS-D or Functional Diarrhea Researchers believe many people with IBS-D or functional diarrhea actually have BAD. Studies suggest BAD may be behind approximately one-third to one-half of cases of IBS-D or chronic diarrhea. Treatment of Bile Acid Diarrhea If your BAD is the result of an identifiable disease, your healthcare provider will treat the disease itself. If no underlying cause can be identified, BAD is usually treated with medications called bile acid sequestrants or binders. Bile acid sequestrants are FDA-approved to treat high blood cholesterol. They are prescribed off-label to treat BAM. These medications bind to bile acids and reduce their effects on the large intestine. This class of drugs includes: Questran (cholestyramine) Welchol (colesevelam) Colestid (colestipol) These medications are usually effective in treating the symptoms of BAD. Unfortunately, they are not well-tolerated by many patients. Side effects can include constipation and other digestive symptoms. Because of this, patients may choose to discontinue treatment, especially if they have not received a diagnosis. If you are prescribed one of these medications, be sure to work with your healthcare provider to find the right dose. Drugs in this class may affect the absorption of other medications. For that reason, you should take them four to six hours before or after any other medications. Is There a Natural Remedy for Bile Acid Diarrhea? A low-fat diet may help improve symptoms associated with bile acid diarrhea, such as bowel urgency, bloating, abdominal pain, and bowel frequency. However, treatment with medication is the most effective way to manage bile acid diarrhea. Summary Bile acid diarrhea is a condition that causes chronic diarrhea. It is caused by excess bile acid in the large intestine. BAD may be the actual cause of many cases of chronic diarrhea and IBS-D. Outside the United States, BAM is diagnosed with a SeHCAT scan. In the United States, healthcare professionals rely on stool tests and medication trials to diagnose the condition. BAM can be treated with medication. More research is needed, but it's starting to look like BAD may be more common than previously thought. If you have been diagnosed with IBS-D or have undiagnosed chronic diarrhea, talk to your healthcare provider. You may want to find out if this underdiagnosed condition is at the root of your symptoms. 11 Sources Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read our editorial process to learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy. Farrugia A, Arasaradnam R. Bile acid diarrhoea: pathophysiology, diagnosis and management. Frontline Gastroenterol. 2021;12:500-507. doi:10.1136/flgastro-2020-101436 Vijayvargiya P, Camilleri M. Current practice in the diagnosis of bile acid diarrhea. Gastroenterol. 2019;156(5):1233-1238. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2018.11.069 Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center. Diarrhea. Stanford Medicine. Chronic diarrhea symptoms. Bonis PAL, Lamont T. In: Friedman LS, Grover S, eds. Approach to the adult with chronic diarrhea in resource-abundant settings. UpToDate. UpToDate; 2023. Walters JRF, Arasaradnam R, Andreyev HJN, for the UK Bile Acid Related Diarrhoea Network. Diagnosis and management of bile acid diarrhoea: a survey of UK expert opinion and practice. Frontline Gastroenterol. 2020;11(5):358-363. doi:10.1136/flgastro-2019-101301 Ahmed M. Functional, diagnostic and therapeutic aspects of bile. CEG. 2022; 15:105-120. doi:10.2147/ceg.s360563 Labcorp. 7AlphaC4 (7 alpha-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one). Camilleri M. Bile acid diarrhea: prevalence, pathogenesis, and therapy. Gut Liver. 2015;9(3):332. doi:10.5009%2Fgnl14397 Mottacki N, Simrén M, Bajor A. Review article: bile acid diarrhoea - pathogenesis, diagnosis and management. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2016;43(8):884-898. doi:10.1111/apt.13570 Oduyebo I, Camilleri M. Bile acid disease: the emerging epidemic. Curr Opin Gastroenterol. 2017;33(3):189-195. doi:10.1097/MOG.0000000000000344 Additional Reading DiBaise JK, Islam RS. Bile acids: an under-recognized and under-appreciated cause of chronic diarrhea. Pract Gastroenterol. 2012;36(10):32-44. By Barbara Bolen, PhD Barbara Bolen, PhD, is a licensed clinical psychologist and health coach. She has written multiple books focused on living with irritable bowel syndrome. See Our Editorial Process Meet Our Medical Expert Board Share Feedback Was this page helpful? Thanks for your feedback! What is your feedback? Other Helpful Report an Error Submit